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  • br Methods The study population included neuropathologically

    2023-01-29


    Methods The study population included 64 neuropathologically confirmed AD patients (6 male, 58 female) that were recruited into a longitudinal follow-up study of patients with dementia of Alzheimer’s type from the geriatric department of Harjula Hospital in Kuopio, Finland. At baseline the patients fulfilled the clinical criteria for probable or possible AD defined by the National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders and Stroke-Alzheimer’s Disease and Related Disorders Association (NINCDS-ADRDA) [6]. The study was authorized by the Research ethics committee of the Kuopio University Hospital and Finnish National Authority for Medicolegal Affairs. All neuropathological examinations were performed at the department Calphostin C of Pathology of the Kuopio University Hospital by experienced neuropathologists between the years 1991 and 2001. The brains were weighed, evaluated for grossly detectable lesions and vessel abnormalities, perfused with and immersed in 10% buffered formalin for at least one week and cut in coronal slices of 1 cm thickness. Brain specimens were taken from 15 standard regions (frontal, temporal, parietal, precentral, occipital cortices, cingulate gyrus, striatum, basal forebrain including amygdala, thalamus, anterior and posterior hippocampus, midbrain including substantia nigra, pons including locus coeruleus, medulla oblongata, cerebellar vermis and cortex as well as from all macroscopically notable lesions), embedded in paraffin and cut into the 7-μm-thick sections. The sections were then stained routinely applying haematoxylin-eosin (H&E), Bielschowsky silver impregnation and immunohistochemistry for beta-amyloid, hyperphosphorylated tau and alpha-synuclein as described earlier [7]. AD-related pathology, i.e. neuritic plaques, were quantified in three cortical areas stained with Bielschowsky silver impregnation and all subjects were classified according to recommendations by the Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer’s Disease (CERAD) [8]. The clinical phenotype was obtained from the medical records by a neurologist and the ApoE genotype was available from all patients. The ApoE genotype was analyzed using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) as described earlier [9] with the genomic DNA being extracted from blood or Calphostin C tissue samples. The assesment of epilepsy was based on retrospective analysis of medical records. Epilepsy was assessed according to current ILAE recommendations and guidelines (Fig. 1).
    Results The demographic, neuropathological and clinical findings are summarized in Table 1. There were statistically significant differences between means of the AD + epilepsy and AD groups in Age at the time of AD diagnosis (F(1,59) = 5.632, p = 0.021), in age at the time of hospitalisation (F(1,58) = 5.468, p = 0.023), and in duration of AD (F(1,59) = 6.229, p = 0.015) as determined by One-Way ANOVA. There were no statistically significant differences between means of the AD + epilepsy and AD groups in age at death or in brain weight in grams (p = 0.182 and p =0.256, respectively). The load of vascular lesions did not differ between the groups. Patients in AD + epilepsy group were diagnosed with AD and hospitalized younger as the AD group without epilepsy, and their duration of AD was longer. No association between neuropathological diagnosis and group (χ2 (3, n = 64) = 4.626, p = 0.170), and neither between ApoE genotype and group (χ2 (4, n = 64) = 4.433, p = 0.274) were found using Chi-Square Independence Test, although the effect sizes would suggest large or nearly large associations (Cramer's V = 0.279, and Cramer's V = 0.295, respectively). The seizure types were available from six subjects. Four out of the subjects presented with generalized seizures and two with focal seizures. None of the AD-epilepsy patients had experienced a status epilepticus. One of the patients with AD-epilepsy had experienced a traumatic brain injury (TBI) in the past and two were heavy smokers. No abundant alcohol use was reported in the subjects in the AD + EP group. EEG was available for ten of the subjects in the AD + EP group. Seven subjects had a generalized EEG abnormality, one subject with irritation, focal finding and discharges, one with irritation and a focal finding and one with a generalized EEG abnormality and a focal finding. The age at time of first seizure ranged between 62 and 81 years (mean 72.6 ± 6.8 S.E). Epilepsy was diagnosed 2.5 ± 1.2 S.E. years after the diagnosis of AD. The age of starting treatment with antiepileptic medication is known for five subjects, 75 ± 6.9 S.E years (range 66–82 years). Three of the subjects with epilepsy used phenytoin, three carbamazepine and for four subjects this data is not available. One of the subjects did not use any antiepileptic drugs and all subjects used diazepam for seizures.