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    • The of this study was to test the hypothesis that

    2018-10-29

    The of this study was to test the mitomycin that self-administered and interviewer-administered methods may yield different results. The research team also hypothesized that privacy of the interview and the gender of interviewer may have an important interaction with this association, supporting the idea that direction bias can be population specific. The research team found that among interviewer-assisted methods, FTFI tends to yield higher prevalence for sexual and reproductive health-related indicators, as well as Furthermore, is not acceptable in the Dominican Republic, and the research team consequently observed a lower prevalence of illicit drug use in the interviewer-assisted methods compared to self-administered methods (especially when ACASI is applied). These findings are consistent with studies reporting that the effect of survey interview method is setting-specific (Gregson et al., 2002; Pienaar, 2009) and dependent on local norms around acceptable and unacceptable behavior. What is considered acceptable behavior in LAC, may not be in an another region. For example, while concurrency among females in the Dominican Republic is considered a sensitive matter, in certain Sub-Saharan Africa countries it is seen as acceptable (Caldwell and Caldwell, 1996; Caldwell et al., 1989). It may also explain why studies using ACASI in particular have yield mixed results across regions. Some ACASI-based studies show high prevalence of risk behaviors (Langhaug et al., 2011; Ghanem et al., 2005; Rogers et al., 2005; Rathod et al., 2011), while others present inconsistencies or are inconclusive about its effectiveness (Jaya et al., 2008; Mensch et al., 2003; Johnson et al., 1992; Jennings et al., 2002), or show comparatively lower prevalence (Mensch et al., 2008; Testa et al., 2005; Hallfors et al., 2000). Results suggest that, among women, the SAI method shows a higher prevalence of (e.g., partnerships that overlap in time) than the other methods. It seems that this difference cannot be explained solely by the nonresponse rate of the SAI method. Concurrency may well be a sensitive subject for this group of women, who opt to not reveal overlapping sexual partnerships when interviewed through the FTFI or ACASI methods. Also, it may be related to the underlying trust of computers, the youth’s relationship to technology and their willingness. There is weak evidence that, among men, the FTFI method shows a higher prevalence of than the other methods. This difference may originate in a socially desirable response bias, where the response the youth consider socially desirable is a greater use of condoms than the real one. Also among men, there is weak evidence that the FTFI method shows a higher prevalence of than the other methods. This could also be explained by a socially desirable response bias. The CATI method generated findings close to those of the FTFI method. In the CATI method, the prevalence of was lower than in the FTFI method, which may originate in a socially desirable response bias, if telephone calls inspire less privacy or confidence than face-to-face interviews. The ACASI method shows a higher prevalence in than the FTFI and SAI methods. This may be explained by the design and structure of the software’s platform, where multiple-choice questions are broken down into a series of independent questions, and this results in the participants spending more time on a single question, perhaps increasing recall. Nevertheless, the foregoing does not explain the higher prevalence of marijuana consumption observed in women, which may be explained by the attitude of women to marijuana and hence desirable response bias. Higher levels of reported use may be also explained by increased privacy conditions ensured by ACASI. The of the study was to determine whether the interviews were affected by the level of privacy or the interviewer’s gender, as suggested in previous studies (Langhaug et al., 2011; Eaton et al., 2010; Tourangeau and Smith, 1998; Brener et al., 2003; Gribble and Miller, 2000; Sedla, 2010; Lothen-Kline et al., 2003). Evidence from this study supports the hypothesis that privacy effects on reporting. The gender of the interviewer matters, especially when interviewing men. It seems to generate socially desirable response biases in key indicators. This is the case for concurrency or gang affiliation. In the FTFI method, the prevalence of men interviewed by women and who is lower than that among men interviewed by men. This could be explained by the assumption that men consider it undesirable to admit to women this type of behavior. Strong evidence suggests that when privacy is ensured, the prevalence of men interviewed by women and who reported was higher than among men interviewed by men. This may be explained by the assumption that men consider as undesirable to admit to other men that they have sex with other men.